• number of hosts given CIDR
• ipv6 prefixes
• icmpv6 messages
• ping codes: icmp destination unreachable codes
• ipv6 ff02::1 => all ipv6 enabled devices on the local link or network
• tcp header includes seq number, window. but not udp header
• when stablishing communication via UDP the client first randomly selects a source port number
• cisco ios ping indicators
• executive timeouts can be set in:
  • console ports
  • vty ports
• types of buffering:
  • shared memory buffering
  • level 1 cache buffering
  • port-based buffering
  • fixed configuration buffering
• data link sublayers
• cut-through switching method
• parameter used by routers to choose path to the destination when there are multiple routes available
• internet conectivity types
  • dialup -> low bandwidth
  • satellite -> not suited for heavily wooded areas
  • uses coaxial cable -> cable
  • high bandwidth and runs over telephone lines -> DSL
• the reload command clear the unsaved changes

LACP (link aggregation control protocol): is used to bundle multiple physical ethernet links into a single logical channel

• advantages: LACP dynamically exchanges packets to automatically bundle compatible physical interfaces into a logical link and detect link failures or configuration mismatches
• LACP is defined under IEEE 802.3ad/802.1AX open standard